Voters on the southern Japanese islands of Okinawa re-elected a governor on Sunday who campaigned for the removal of an American Marine base there, throwing a wrench into a deal between Japan and the United States to relocate the base and posing a challenge for the United States as it grapples with a response to North Korean aggression.

Gov. Hirokazu Nakaima, 71, had once supported the plan to transfer the base to a less populated part of Okinawa, but he reversed himself after strong opposition by residents.

While his position was less strident than that of his main opponent, who called for the base to be removed from Japan altogether, Mr. Nakaima’s re-election still presents an obstacle to the Japanese-American agreement: any relocation of the base in Okinawa will require Mr. Nakaima’s approval.

Prime Minister Naoto Kan has called the American military presence in Okinawa, home to half of the roughly 50,000 American troops stationed in Japan, a critical deterrent against regional security threats — a message driven home by North Korea’s deadly artillery strike on a South Korean islet on Tuesday.

But Okinawa residents have long complained about the American presence, saying it has brought increased crime, pollution and noise to the islands that make up the Okinawa Prefecture, about 950 miles south of Tokyo. The Marine Corps Air Station Futenma, in a heavily populated area of Okinawa’s main island, has been particularly contentious.

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